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United States rainfall climatology ：ウィキペディア英語版

United States rainfall climatology

The characteristics of United States rainfall climatology differ significantly across the United States and those under United States sovereignty. Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western, southern, and southeast Alaska annually. During the winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring Hawaii and the western United States most of their precipitation. Nor'easters moving down the East coast bring cold season precipitation to the Carolinas, Mid-Atlantic and New England states. Lake-effect snows add to precipitation potential downwind of the Great Lakes, as well as Great Salt Lake and the Finger Lakes during the cold season. The snow to liquid ratio across the contiguous United States averages 13:1, meaning of snow melts down to of water.〔Martin A. Baxter, Charles E. Graves, and James T. Moore. (A Climatology of Snow-to-Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States. ) Retrieved on 2008-03-21.〕
During the summer, the North American monsoon combined with Gulf of California and Gulf of Mexico moisture moving around the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening air-mass thunderstorms to the southern tier of the country as well as the Great Plains. Equatorward of the subtropical ridge, tropical cyclones enhance precipitation across southern and eastern sections of the country, as well as Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes. Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the western portions.
==General==
The eastern part of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian, the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, the Willamette Valley, and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding per year. The drier areas are the Desert Southwest, Great Basin, valleys of northeast Arizona, eastern Utah, and central Wyoming.〔NationalAtlas.gov (Precipitation of the Individual States and of the Conterminous States. ) Retrieved on 2008-03-09.〕〔Oregon Climate Service, Oregon State University (The Climate of Oregon Climate Zone 2 Willamette Valley. ) Retrieved on 2014-08-06.〕 Increased warming within urban heat islands leads to an increase in rainfall downwind of cities.〔Illinois State Water Survey. (Climate of Illinois. ) Retrieved on 2008-03-19.〕

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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